Hi there, I discovered that the problem was a setting on the target MySQL database, specifically log_bin_trust_function_creators=1
It turns out our cloud provider does not allow us to enable that on their managed database.
So I went with a small MySQL 8 install on a VPS instead, and enabled that setting.
From there I was able to migrate off of MariaDB and perform the upgrade to version 9 without issue, and I don’t get any more errors.